If Xorg will not start, or there is some other problem, then manual configuration of Xorg might be needed. This is explained in the following section. To run Xorg with a non root user, see Non root Xorg.
If that directory does not exist you can create it. Each file is given a unique name and ends in. The file names in Xorg's configuration directory will be read in alpha numeric order. For example, evdev. The files in this directory are not required to be numbered, but doing so will help to keep them organized. Organization is helpful when debugging faulty configuration files.
Try startx to start up the X server. It decides which applications to run using the following logic:. If no window manager has been installed a solid black screen will appear. Once the programs are installed, run startx again. A few xterm windows should appear, making it easy to verify the X server is working correctly. They will not be needed to setup a proper desktop environment.
The session program to start could also be given as an argument to startx :. If the screen resolution looks to be wrong, you will need to check two sections in your xorg. First of all, you have the Screen section which lists the resolutions that your X server will run at. This section might not list any resolutions at all.
If this is the case, Xorg will estimate the resolutions based on the information in the second section, Monitor. Now let us change the resolution. The Option in the Device section must match the name of your monitor DVI-0 , which can be obtained by running xrandr. Install xrandr emerge xrandr just long enough to get this information. The argument after the monitor name in the Device section must match the Identifier in the Monitor section. Run X startx to discover it uses the desired resolution.
Give each monitor a unique identifier, then list its physical position, such as "RightOf" or "Above" another monitor. This example features a Czech keyboard layout:. Do your key bindings map to actions viewable in xev?
Can you adjust the screen brightness using xbacklight? You can always do a work around via a keyboard remapping. For LXDE it can be done via:. GitWeb userspace driver. Official documentation. Both packages are no longer maintained, thus currently unavailable. Warning Including the firmware in-kernel may cause suspend-to-ram to fail, if this is a concern don't include the blob built into the kernel, instead, add the firmware blob into the initramfs.
Note Kernel version 4. Kernel 4. Org driver for Intel cards. Note If both intel. Note Experiences of this configuration can be found in the Discussion of this page. Add any difficulties there so this section can be improved. CODE Kernel command-line argument. Categories : Video cards Intel. Gen 1. Gen 2. If anyone believes otherwise, please file a bug report. The Gentoo Installation can be seen as a step procedure, corresponding to the next set of chapters. Each step results in a certain state:.
Whenever a certain choice is presented the handbook will try to explain the pros and cons of each choice. Although the text then continues with a default choice identified by "Default: " in the title , the other possibilities will be documented as well marked by "Alternative: " in the title. Do not think that the default is what Gentoo recommends. It is, however, the choice that Gentoo believes most users will make. Sometimes an optional step can be followed.
Such steps are marked as "Optional: " and are therefore not needed to install Gentoo. However, some optional steps are dependent on a previously made decision.
The instructions will inform the reader when this happens, both when the decision is made, and right before the optional step is described. Gentoo can be installed in many different ways. It can be downloaded and installed from official Gentoo installation media such as our bootable ISO images. The installation media can be installed on a USB stick or accessed via a netbooted environment. Alternatively, Gentoo can be installed from non-official media such as an already installed distribution or a non-Gentoo bootable disk such as Knoppix.
This document covers the installation using official Gentoo Installation media or, in certain cases, netbooting. We also provide a Gentoo installation tips and tricks document that might be useful. If a problem is found in the installation or in the installation documentation , please visit our bug tracking system and check if the bug is known. If not, please create a bug report for it so we can take care of it.
Do not be afraid of the developers who are assigned to the bugs - they generally don't eat people. Although this document is architecture-specific, it may contain references to other architectures as well, because large parts of the Gentoo Handbook use text that is identical for all architectures to avoid duplication of effort.
Such references have been kept to a minimum, to avoid confusion. Of course, everyone is welcome otherwise too as our chat channel covers the broad Gentoo spectrum.
Speaking of which, if there are any additional questions regarding Gentoo, check out the Frequently Asked Questions article. Before we start, we first list what hardware requirements are needed to successfully install Gentoo on a amd64 box. The AMD64 project is a good place to be for more information about Gentoo's amd64 support. The Gentoo minimal installation CD is a bootable image: a self-contained Gentoo environment. It allows the user to boot Linux from the CD or other installation media.
During the boot process the hardware is detected and the appropriate drivers are loaded. The image is maintained by Gentoo developers and allows anyone to install Gentoo if an active Internet connection is available. Occasionally, a special DVD image is crafted which can be used to install Gentoo. However, the LiveDVD or any other bootable Linux environment supports getting a root prompt by just invoking sudo su - or sudo -i in a terminal.
A stage3 tarball is an archive containing a profile specific minimal Gentoo environment. Stage3 tarballs are suitable to continue the Gentoo installation using the instructions in this handbook. Previously, the handbook described the installation using one of three stage tarballs. Gentoo does not offer stage1 and stage2 tarballs for download any more since these are mostly for internal use and for bootstrapping Gentoo on new architectures.
Stage files update frequently and are not included in official installation images. The default installation media that Gentoo Linux uses are the minimal installation CDs , which host a bootable, very small Gentoo Linux environment. This environment contains all the right tools to install Gentoo.
The CD images themselves can be downloaded from the downloads page recommended or by manually browsing to the ISO location on one of the many available mirrors. Inside this location, the installation media file is the file with the. For instance, take a look at the following listing:. In the above example, the install-amdminimal But as can be seen, other related files exist as well:.
Ignore the other files available at this location for now - those will come back when the installation has proceeded further. Download the. Through the. This verification is usually done in two steps:. On a Microsoft Windows system, chances are low that the right set of tools to verify checksums and cryptographic signatures are in place.
To first verify the cryptographic signature, tools such as GPG4Win can be used. After installation, the public keys of the Gentoo Release Engineering team need to be imported.
The list of keys is available on the signatures page. Once imported, the user can then verify the signature of the. The checksum itself can be verified using the Hashcalc application , although many others exist as well. Most of the time, these tools will show the user the calculated checksum, and the user is requested to verify this checksum with the value that is inside the. With this package installed, the following commands can be used to verify the cryptographic signature of the. First, download the right set of keys as made available on the signatures page :.
Alternatively you can use instead the WKD to download the key:. Next verify the cryptographic signature of the. To be absolutely certain that everything is valid, verify the fingerprint shown with the fingerprint on the Gentoo signatures page. With the cryptographic signature validated, next verify the checksum to make sure the downloaded ISO file is not corrupted.
For instance, to get the SHA checksum:. In the above output, two SHA checksums are shown - one for the install-amdminimal Only the first checksum is of interest, as it needs to be compared with the calculated SHA checksum which can be generated as follows:. The ISO file needs to be burned on a CD to boot from, and in such a way that its content is burned on the CD, not just the file itself. Versions of Microsoft Windows 7 and above can both mount and burn ISO images to optical media without the requirement for third-party software.
Simply insert a burnable disk, browse to the downloaded ISO files, right click the file in Windows Explorer, and select "Burn disk image". Once the installation media is ready, it is time to boot it. Insert the media in the system, reboot, and enter the motherboard's firmware user interface.
The 'trigger' key varies depending on the system and motherboard. If it is not obvious use an internet search engine and do some research using the motherboard's model name as the search keyword.
Results should be easy to determine. Without this change, the system will most likely reboot to the internal disk device, ignoring the external boot media.
If not yet done, ensure that the installation media is inserted or plugged into the system, and reboot. A boot prompt should be shown. At this screen, Enter will begin the boot process with the default boot options. To boot the installation media with custom boot options, specify a kernel followed by boot options and then hit Enter. At the boot prompt, users get the option of displaying the available kernels F1 and boot options F2. If no choice is made within 15 seconds either displaying information or using a kernel then the installation media will fall back to booting from disk.
This allows installations to reboot and try out their installed environment without the need to remove the CD from the tray something well appreciated for remote installations. Specifying a kernel was mentioned. On the Minimal installation media, only two predefined kernel boot options are provided. The default option is called gentoo. The other being the -nofb variant; this disables kernel framebuffer support. Now boot the media, select a kernel if the default gentoo kernel does not suffice and boot options.
As an example, we boot the gentoo kernel, with dopcmcia as a kernel parameter:. Next the user will be greeted with a boot screen and progress bar. If no selection is made in 10 seconds the default US keyboard will be accepted and the boot process will continue. Once the boot process completes, the user is automatically logged in to the "Live" Gentoo Linux environment as the root user, the super user.
When the Installation medium boots, it tries to detect all the hardware devices and loads the appropriate kernel modules to support the hardware. In the vast majority of cases, it does a very good job. However, in some cases it may not auto-load the kernel modules needed by the system.
If the PCI auto-detection missed some of the system's hardware, the appropriate kernel modules have to be loaded manually. In the next example the too module which supports certain kinds of network interfaces is loaded:. If other people need access to the installation environment, or there is need to run commands as a non-root user on the installation medium such as to chat using irssi without root privileges for security reasons , then an additional user account needs to be created and the root password set to a strong password.
To change the root password, use the passwd utility:. To create a user account, first enter their credentials, followed by the account's password. The useradd and passwd commands are used for these tasks. To switch from the current root user to the newly created user account, use the su command:. To view the Gentoo handbook during the installation, first create a user account as described above.
During the installation, the links command can be used to browse the Gentoo handbook - of course only from the moment that the Internet connection is working. The Screen utility is installed by default on official Gentoo installation media. It may be more efficient for the seasoned Linux enthusiast to use screen to view installation instructions via split panes rather than the multiple TTY method mentioned above.
To allow other users to access the system during the installation perhaps to support during an installation, or even do it remotely , a user account needs to be created as was documented earlier on and the SSH daemon needs to be started. To be able to use sshd, the network needs to function properly. Continue with the chapter on Configuring the network. If the system is plugged into an Ethernet network with a DHCP server, it is very likely that the networking configuration has already been set up automatically.
If so, then the many included network-aware commands on the installation CD such as ssh , scp , ping , irssi , wget , and links , among others, will work immediately. If networking has been configured, the ifconfig command should list one or more network interfaces besides lo. In the example below eth0 shows up:.
As a result of the shift towards predictable network interface names , the interface name on the system can be quite different from the old eth0 naming convention. Recent installation media might show regular network interfaces names like eno0 , ens1 , or enp5s0. Look for the interface in the ifconfig output that has an IP address related to the local network.
As an alternative to ifconfig , the ip command can be used to determine interface names. The following example shows the output of ip addr of another system so the information shown is different from the previous example :.
The output above may be a bit more complicated to read than alternative. The interface name in the above example directly follows the number; it is eno1. In the remainder of this document, the handbook will assume that the operating network interface is called eth0. If the Internet is accessed through a proxy, then it is necessary to set up proxy information during the installation.
It is very easy to define a proxy: just define a variable which contains the proxy server information. In most cases, it is sufficient to define the variables using the server hostname. As an example, we assume the proxy is called proxy. This ensures that the network is functioning properly and that the network packets are reaching the net, DNS name resolution is working correctly, etc. If this all works, then the remainder of this chapter can be skipped to jump right to the next step of the installation instructions Preparing the disks.
If the network doesn't work immediately, some installation media allow the user to use net-setup for regular or wireless networks , pppoe-setup for ADSL users or pptp for PPTP users. If the installation medium does not contain any of these tools, continue with the Manual network configuration. The simplest way to set up networking if it didn't get configured automatically is to run the net-setup script:. When all is done, the network connection should work.
Test the network connection as stated before. If the tests are positive, congratulations! Skip the rest of this section and continue with Preparing the disks. If the network still doesn't work, continue with Manual network configuration. Use the provided pppoe-setup script to configure the connection. If the Ethernet device does not exist, the appropriate network modules need to be loaded.
In that case continue with Manual network configuration as it will explain how to load the appropriate network modules there. If everything worked, continue with Preparing the disks. But first make sure that the configuration is correct. When all that is done, run pptp along with the options that couldn't be set in options. Now continue with Preparing the disks. When the Installation CD boots, it tries to detect all the hardware devices and loads the appropriate kernel modules drivers to support the hardware.
However, in some cases, it may not auto-load the kernel modules needed to communicate properly with the present network hardware. If net-setup or pppoe-setup failed, then it is possible that the network card wasn't found immediately.
This means users may have to load the appropriate kernel modules manually. To find out what kernel modules are provided for networking, use the ls command:. If a driver is found for the network device, use modprobe to load the kernel module. For instance, to load the pcnet32 module:.
To check if the network card is now detected, use ifconfig. A detected network card would result in something like this again, eth0 here is just an example :.
In the above example, 6 interfaces are found. The eth0 one is most likely the wired Ethernet adapter whereas wlan0 is the wireless one.
Assuming that the network card is now detected, retry net-setup or pppoe-setup again which should work now , but for the hardcore people we explain how to configure the network manually as well.
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol makes it possible to automatically receive networking information IP address, netmask, broadcast address, gateway, nameservers etc. To have a network interface receive this information automatically, use dhcpcd :.
Some network administrators require that the hostname and domainname provided by the DHCP server is used by the system. In that case, use:. If this works try pinging some Internet server, like Google's 8. When using a wireless To see the current wireless settings on the card, one can use iw. Running iw might show something like:. Confirm the wireless settings by using iw dev wlp9s0 link.
Once wireless is working, continue configuring the IP level networking options as described in the next section Understanding network terminology or use the net-setup tool as described previously. If all of the above fails, the network will need to be configured manually. This is not difficult at all.
However, some knowledge of network terminology and basic concepts might be necessary. After reading this section, users will know what a gateway is, what a netmask serves for, how a broadcast address is formed and why systems need nameservers. In a network, hosts are identified by their IP address Internet Protocol address. Such an address is perceived as a combination of four numbers between 0 and Well, at least when using IPv4 IP version 4.
In reality, such an IPv4 address consists of 32 bits ones and zeros. Let's view an example:. Such an IP address is unique to a host as far as all accessible networks are concerned i. In order to distinguish between hosts inside and outside a network, the IP address is divided in two parts: the network part and the host part. The separation is written down with the netmask, a collection of ones followed by a collection of zeros. The part of the IP that can be mapped on the ones is the network-part, the other one is the host-part.
As usual, the netmask can be written down as an IP address. The broadcast address is an IP address with the same network-part as the network, but with only ones as host-part. Every host on the network listens to this IP address. It is truly meant for broadcasting packets. To be able to surf on the Internet, each computer in the network must know which host shares the Internet connection. This host is called the gateway. Since it is a regular host, it has a regular IP address for instance Previously we stated that every host has its own IP address.
To be able to reach this host by a name instead of an IP address we need a service that translates a name such as dev. Such a service is called a name service. In some cases, the gateway also serves as a nameserver. Otherwise the nameservers provided by the ISP need to be entered in this file. To assign an IP address, the IP address, broadcast address, and netmask are needed. More than one nameserver can be added:. Now test the network by pinging an Internet server like Google's 8.
Once connected, continue with Preparing the disks. Let's take a good look at disk-oriented aspects of Gentoo Linux and Linux in general, including block devices, partitions, and Linux filesystems.
Once the ins and outs of disks are understood, partitions and filesystems can be established for installation.
To begin, let's look at block devices. The following table will help readers determine where to find a certain type of block device on the system:. The block devices above represent an abstract interface to the disk. The program can simply address the storage on the disk as a bunch of contiguous, randomly-accessible byte 4K blocks. Although it is theoretically possible to use a raw, unpartitioned disk to house a Linux system when creating a btrfs RAID for example , this is almost never done in practice.
Instead, disk block devices are split up into smaller, more manageable block devices. On amd64 systems, these are called partitions. The location in which it stores the partition information is much bigger than the bytes of the MBR partition table DOS disklabel , which means there is practically no limit on the amount of partitions for a GPT disk.
If you have any data that you love, back it up before proceeding. Enter p at the prompt to display the current partition table, which will look something like:. To delete a partition, enter d. You will be prompted for a partition number. Now, enter d again, and enter the number of the next partition. Repeat until you get a. It is now time to start creating partitions. Instead, we will hold to the assertion that Linux is Unix and do things right.
We will assume that your hard drive is at least 8GB in size. If it is smaller, you probably should not be using this document to install Gentoo.
Now, enter n again to create your swap partition. Now, we need to create the root partition. It is time to create our extended partition that will hold the rest of the partition. Enter n at the main menu as usual, but when asked whether the partition should be extended or primary, enter e for extended. When asked for the first cylinder, press enter to accept the defaults. Also press enter to accept the defaults when asked about the last cylinder.
0コメント