Default is 2. This statement defines the rules by which DDNS updates may be carried. It is mutually exclusive with allow-update in any single zone clause. The statement may take the keyword local or an update-policy-rule structure. The keyword local is designed to simplify configuration of secure updates using a TSIG key and limits the update source only to localhost loopback address, This session key is also used by nsupdate when the -l argument is supplied.
The local keyword is expanded to an equivalent update-policy-rule as shown:. The effect of this statement is to allow any DDNS update signed with the key-name "local-ddns" to update any RRs with the name of the zone file or a subzone any name to the left of the zone name as it appears in the zone clause in which the update-policy local; statement appears. Thus, if update-policy local; appears in the example. The update-policy local; statement may be used in one or more zone clauses, while other zone clauses may use the update-policy update-policy-rule; format.
See the following section for a full explanation of all the fields in the expanded update-policy local; statement. The RR name to be updated must match the 6to4 48 bits only reverse mapped name of the IPv4 address that intiated this update session. Thus, if the source of the update session is The format of the identity field in this case is local:path where local is a keyword indicating a local socket and path is the socket address.
The REALM to be matched must match that specified in identity or any subdomain labels to the left of identity. That is, if tname is joe. Thus, if identity is example. The optional tname field should be present with the same name as identity. The optional tname field is ignored but should be the same as identity.
Thus, if tname is example. If the source address is IPv6 then the reverse mapping occurs in the IP6. ARPA reverse map domain. The optional tname field must be omitted when using this form.
The Principal name formats accepted by matchtype are restricted for krb5- and ms- types. If they match case sensitive compare then the transaction is allowed to update a DNS name of machinename.
This is illustrated by the following example:. If they match case sensitive compare and the keyword host appears in the Principal name then the transaction is allowed to update a DNS name of QDN case insesitive.
RFC Section 6. The following example shows the use of update-policy whereby each host can update its own A RR but no others:. The second example.
Use alt-transfer-source[-v6] yes statements or not no. If views are specified this defaults to no otherwise it defaults to yes for BIND 8 compatibility. Problems, comments, suggestions, corrections including broken links or something to add?
Please take the time from a busy life to 'mail us' at top of screen , the webmaster below or info-support at zytrax. You will have a warm inner glow for the rest of the day. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. If you are happy it's OK - but your browser is giving a less than optimal experience on our site. Page Resources. Open Source Initiative Creative Commons. If changes have to be made manually to a dynamic zone then use the following sequence: Disable dynamic updates to the zone using rndc freeze zone which causes the zone file to be updated.
Edit the zone file Run rndc unfreeze zone to reload the changed zone and re-enable dynamic updates This statement may be specified in a zone , view or global options clause. The name of the target or part of the target RR name depending on the value of matchtype that will be allowed by this update-poilicy. Contents tech info guides home dns articles intro contents 1 objectives big picture 2 concepts 3 reverse map 4 dns types quickstart 5 install bind 6 samples reference 7 named.
Search web zytrax. All rights reserved. Follow Us. F5 Sites F5. All rights reserved. Single view configuration. Multiple view configuration, where you want to allow transfers from GTM. In the view hierarchy, this view is listed first. In the view hierarchy, this view is listed last. In the view hierarchy, this view is listed immediately following the view that you select from the View List.
Zone files for a primary zone contain, at minimum, the start of authority SOA and nameserver NS resource records for the zone. Zone files for a secondary zone are copies of the principal zone files.
Stub zones are similar to secondary zones, except that stub zones contain only the NS records for the zone. The zone file for a forwarding zone contains only information to forward DNS queries to another nameserver on a per-zone or per-domain basis. The zone file for a hint zone specifies an initial set of root nameservers for the zone. SOA Start of authority.
The start of authority resource record, SOA, starts every zone file and indicates that a nameserver is the best source of information for a particular zone. The Address record, or A record, lists the IP address for a given host name. MX Mail Exchanger. The Mail Exchange resource record, MX, defines the mail system s for a given domain.
The nameserver resource record, NS, defines the nameservers for a given domain, creating a delegation point and a subzone. The Service resource record SRV is a pointer with which an alias for a given service is redirected to another domain.
It also has several keys for parts of the namespace that the organization controls. None of the keys listed in this example are valid. In particular, the root key is not valid. Responses may fail to validate for any of several reasons, including missing, expired, or invalid signatures, a key which does not match the DS RRset in the parent zone, or an insecure response from a zone which, according to its parent, should have been secure.
When the validator receives a response from an unsigned zone that has a signed parent, it must confirm with the parent that the zone was intentionally left unsigned. If the validator can prove that the zone is insecure, then the response is accepted. However, if it cannot, the validator must assume an insecure response to be a forgery; it rejects the response and logs an error. Changing a zone from insecure to secure can be done in two ways: using a dynamic DNS update, or via the auto-dnssec zone option.
These files are generated by dnssec-keygen , and they should be placed in the key-directory, as specified in named. An NSEC chain is generated as part of the initial signing process. While the update request completes almost immediately, the zone is not completely signed until named has had time to walk the zone and generate the NSEC and RRSIG records. A private type record is created to record the state of the operation see below for more details , and is removed once the operation completes.
To enable automatic signing, add the auto-dnssec option to the zone statement in named. With auto-dnssec allow , named can search the key directory for keys matching the zone, insert them into the zone, and use them to sign the zone. By default, the key directory is checked for changes every 60 minutes; this period can be adjusted with the dnssec-loadkeys-interval , up to a maximum of 24 hours.
The rndc loadkeys command forces named to check for key updates immediately. If keys are present in the key directory the first time the zone is loaded, the zone is signed immediately, without waiting for an rndc sign or rndc loadkeys command. Those commands can still be used when there are unscheduled key changes.
Using the auto-dnssec option requires the zone to be configured to allow dynamic updates, by adding an allow-update or update-policy statement to the zone configuration. If this has not been done, the configuration fails. The state of the signing process is signaled by private-type records with a default type value of When signing is complete, those records with a nonzero initial octet have a nonzero value for the final octet. If the first octet of a private-type record is non-zero, the record indicates either that the zone needs to be signed with the key matching the record, or that all signatures that match the record should be removed.
Attempts to remove other private type records are silently ignored. When a new key reaches its activation date as set by dnssec-keygen or dnssec-settime , if the auto-dnssec zone option is set to maintain , named automatically carries out the key rollover. However, if the new key replaces an existing key of the same algorithm, the zone is re-signed incrementally, with signatures from the old key replaced with signatures from the new key as their signature validity periods expire.
The old chain is removed after the update request completes. This takes place after the update request completes. This requires the dnssec-secure-to-insecure option to be set to yes in named.
In addition, if the auto-dnssec maintain zone statement is used, it should be removed or changed to allow instead; otherwise it will re-sign. In any secure zone which supports dynamic updates, named periodically re-signs RRsets which have not been re-signed as a result of some update action. The signature lifetimes are adjusted to spread the re-sign load over time rather than all at once. This feature allows named to keep track of changes to critical DNSSEC keys without any need for the operator to make changes to configuration files.
To configure a validating resolver to use RFC to maintain a trust anchor, configure the trust anchor using a dnssec-keys statement and the initial-key keyword. Information about this can be found in dnssec-keys Statement Definition and Usage. To set up an authoritative zone for RFC trust anchor maintenance, generate two or more key signing keys KSKs for the zone.
The resolver rechecks the zone periodically; after 30 days, if the new key is still there, the key is accepted by the resolver as a valid trust anchor for the zone. To revoke a key, the command dnssec-revoke has been added. Smart signing takes care of this automatically. Once a key has been revoked and used to sign the DNSKEY RRset in which it appears, that key is never again accepted as a valid trust anchor by the resolver.
However, validation can proceed using the new active key, which was accepted by the resolver when it was a stand-by key. See RFC for more details on key rollover scenarios. When a key has been revoked, its key ID changes, increasing by and wrapping around at If two keys have IDs exactly apart and one is revoked, the two key IDs will collide, causing several problems. To prevent this, dnssec-keygen does not generate a new key if another key is present which may collide. This checking only occurs if the new keys are written to the same directory which holds all other keys in use for that zone.
Older versions of BIND 9 did not have this precaution. Exercise caution if using key revocation on keys that were generated by previous releases, or if using keys stored in multiple directories or on multiple machines. It is expected that a future release of BIND 9 will address this problem in a different way, by storing revoked keys with their original unrevoked key IDs.
See the documentation provided by your HSM vendor for information about installing, initializing, testing and troubleshooting the HSM. This patch is based on work originally done by the OpenSolaris project; it has been modified by ISC to provide new features such as PIN management and key-by-reference. The correct choice depends on the HSM hardware:.
OpenSSL 0. In the examples to follow, we use OpenSSL 0. The version number in the following examples is expected to change. You may need to install GNU patch. We will use this location when we configure BIND 9. The AEP Keyper is a highly secure key storage device, but does not provide hardware cryptographic acceleration.
After configuring, run make and make test. SoftHSM uses the Botan library to perform cryptographic functions. SoftHSM can perform all cryptographic operations, but since it only uses your system CPU, there is no advantage to using it for anything but signing. The output should be one of the following lines, depending on the flavor selected:.
This will attempt to initialize the PKCS 11 engine. BIND 9 includes a minimal set of tools to operate the HSM, including pkcskeygen to generate a new key pair within the HSM, pkcslist to list objects currently available, pkcsdestroy to remove objects, and pkcstokens to list available tokens. This step is not necessary when using native PKCS Some HSMs require other environment variables to be set. Such environment variables must be set whenever running any tool that uses the HSM, including pkcskeygen , pkcslist , pkcsdestroy , dnssec-keyfromlabel , dnssec-signzone , dnssec-keygen , and named.
We can now create and use keys in the HSM. Before using this key to sign a zone, we must create a pair of BIND 9 key files. Signing with the private key takes place inside the HSM. This provides less security than an HSM key, but since HSMs can be slow or cumbersome to use for security reasons, it may be more efficient to reserve HSM keys for use in the less frequent key-signing operation. The zone-signing key can be rolled more frequently, if you wish, to compensate for a reduction in key security.
Now you can sign the zone. Specifying the engine will generally not be necessary unless for some reason you wish to use a different OpenSSL engine. For example:. This causes dnssec-signzone to run as if it were compiled without the —with-pkcs11 option. This may be useful when testing a new provider library.
The location of the openssl. Be sure this is what you want to do before configuring the system in this way. There is no required format or schema. Historically, DLZ drivers had to be statically linked with the named binary and were turned on via a configure option at compile time for example, configure --with-dlz-ldap.
In BIND 9. This conversion, and the lack of any internal caching, places significant limits on the query performance of DLZ modules. Consequently, DLZ is not recommended for use on high-volume servers.
However, it can be used in a hidden primary master configuration, with secondaries retrieving zone updates via AXFR. Note, however, that DLZ has no built-in support for DNS notify; secondary servers are not automatically informed of changes to the zones in the database.
A DLZ database is configured with a dlz statement in named. This specifies a DLZ module to search when answering queries; the module is implemented in driver. Multiple dlz statements can be specified; when answering a query, all DLZ modules with search set to yes are queried to see whether they contain an answer for the query name. The best available answer is returned to the client. The search option in the above example can be omitted, because yes is the default value.
If search is set to no , this DLZ module is not searched for the best match when a query is received. Instead, zones in this DLZ must be separately specified in a zone statement.
The example sets up a single zone, whose name is passed to the module as an argument in the dlz statement:. The sample driver can retrieve information about the querying client and alter its response on the basis of this information. Normally, this feature would be used to alter responses in some other fashion, e. A DynDB database is configured with a dyndb statement in named.
The file driver. Multiple dyndb statements can be specified, to load different drivers or multiple instances of the same driver. Zone configuration is handled internally by the DynDB module. Configuration syntax differs depending on the driver. The example sets up two zones, whose names are passed to the module as arguments in the dyndb statement:.
When the zone is updated dynamically, the DynDB module determines whether the updated RR is an address i. Note that updates are not stored permanently; all updates are lost when the server is restarted. When the catalog zone is updated for example, to add or delete member zones, or change their configuration parameters , those changes are immediately put into effect. Normally, if a zone is to be served by a secondary server, the named. A catalog zone is a way to ease this administrative burden: it is a DNS zone that lists member zones that should be served by secondary servers.
When a secondary server receives an update to the catalog zone, it adds, removes, or reconfigures member zones based on the data received.
To use a catalog zone, it must first be set up as a normal zone on both the primary and secondary servers that are configured to use it.
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